Passive Voice

– Severe problems were caused in Iceland by volcanic eruption.

– People will be evacuated as soon as possible.

1. Introduction & Core Concept (Giriş ve Temel Mantık) 🏗️

İngilizcede cümleler Active (Etken) ve Passive (Edilgen) olmak üzere iki şekilde kurulabilir:

  • 🟢 Active (Etken): Eylemi YAPAN öne çıkarılır. (The chef cooked the meal. / Şef yemeği pişirdi.)
  • 🔵 Passive (Edilgen): Eylemin KİME / NEYE YAPILDIĞI öne çıkarılır. Eylemi yapan kişi ya belirsizdir, ya önemsizdir ya da vurgulanmak istenmiyordur. (The meal was cooked. / Yemek pişirildi.)

👉 Altın Formül:

Passive Voice yapısının ana omurgası BE + Verb 3 (Past Participle) yapısıdır.

Cümlenin zamanı (Tense) ne olursa olsun, zamanın gerektirdiği çekim BE fiiline uygulanır; ana fiil ise DAİMA 3. HÂLİNDE (V3) kalır!

2. Active to Passive Conversion Rules (Cümle Dönüştürme Mantığı) 🔄

Etken bir cümleyi edilgen hâle getirirken 3 temel adım izlenir:

  1. Active cümlenin nesnesi (Object) ➔ Passive cümlenin ÖZNESİ (Subject) konumuna geçer.
  2. Tense (Zaman) yapısına uygun BE fiili çekimlenir + Ana fiilin 3. Hâli (V3) eklenir.
  3. Eylemi yapan kişi belirtilmek isteniyorsa cümlenin sonuna BY + Person/Agent eklenir.
Active: [Subject: Shakespeare] + [Verb: wrote] + [Object: Hamlet]
↓ ↓
Passive: [Subject: Hamlet] + [BE + V3: was written] + [Agent: BY Shakespeare]

3. Passive Voice Tense Transformations (Tüm Zamanlarda Çekim Tablosu) 🧭

Tense (Zaman)Active Structure 🟢Passive Structure 🔵Active Example ➔ Passive Example 📝
Simple PresentV1 / V(s)am / is / are + V3They clean the room.The room is cleaned. 🧹
Present Continuousam / is / are + V-ingam / is / are + BEING + V3They are cleaning the room.The room is being cleaned. 🧼
Simple PastV2was / were + V3They cleaned the room.The room was cleaned. 🛋️
Past Continuouswas / were + V-ingwas / were + BEING + V3They were cleaning the room.The room was being cleaned. 🧽
Present Perfecthave / has + V3have / has + BEEN + V3They have cleaned the room.The room has been cleaned.
Past Perfecthad + V3had + BEEN + V3They had cleaned the room.The room had been cleaned. 🏰
Simple Future (will)will + V1will + BE + V3They will clean the room.The room will be cleaned. 🚀
Future (be going to)am/is/are going to + V1am/is/are going to + BE + V3They are going to clean…The room is going to be cleaned. 📅
Modals (can, must…)Modal + V1Modal + BE + V3You must clean the room.The room must be cleaned. ⚠️
Modal PerfectsModal + have + V3Modal + have + BEEN + V3They should have cleaned…The room should have been cleaned.

4. Special Question Forms: “Who” & “Whom” Questions (Sorularda İleri Düzey Noktalar) 🧐

Sorularda “eylemi yapan kişiyi” sormak istediğimizde özel durumlar ortaya çıkar:

A. “WHO” ile Başlayan Soru Dönüşümü

Active cümlede soru Who ile sorulduğunda, Passive yapıda iki farklı kullanım mevcuttur:

  • Active: Who broke the window? 🪟 (Pencereyi kim kırdı?)
  • 🟢 Standard Passive: Who was the window broken by?
  • 🟢 Formal Passive: By whom was the window broken?

B. “WHAT” ile Başlayan Soru Dönüşümü

  • Active: What caused the explosion? 💥 (Patlamaya ne sebep oldu?)
  • 🟢 Passive: What was the explosion caused by? / By what was the explosion caused?

5. Crucial Hidden Details & Exceptions 💡

1️⃣ BY mı, WITH mi? (Aracı vs. Alet)

Eylemi yapan kişi/özne ise BY, kullanılan araç/gereç/malzeme ise WITH kullanılır:

  • 🟢 The door was opened by the guard. 👮‍♂️ (Kapı, görevli tarafından açıldı.)
  • 🟢 The door was opened with a special key. 🔑 (Kapı, özel bir anahtarla açıldı.)

2️⃣ Pronoun Subject-Object Shifts (Zamir Dönüşümleri)

Active cümlenin öznesi/nesnesi zamir ise dönüşüm tablosu şöyledir:

  • Active ObjectPassive Subject:
    • meI | himHe | herShe | usWe | themThey
  • Example: She helped me.I was helped by her.

3️⃣ Prepositional Verbs in Passive (Edatlı Fiiller)

Eğer aktif cümledeki fiil bir edat (preposition) içeriyorsa (look after, laugh at, listen to), edat asla düşürülmez, fiilin hemen arkasında kalır:

  • Active: They laughed at him. 🎭
  • 🟢 Passive: He was laughed at. (at edatı aynen kalır!)
  • Active: She looks after the children. 👶
  • 🟢 Passive: The children are looked after.

🎭 Passive Voice (Edilgen Yapı) – Advanced & Academic Master Guide 🌐

1. Advanced Structural Foundations (İleri Düzey Cümle Yapıları) 🏗️

Passive Voice temel anlamda BE + V3 olsa da, ileri düzey İngilizcede fiil türevleri de edilgenleştirilebilir:

🅰️ Passive Infinitives (Edilgen Mastarlar)

  • Simple Passive Infinitive (to be + V3):
    • 🟢 She expects to be promoted soon. 💼 (Yakında terfi ettirilmeyi bekliyor.)
  • Perfect Passive Infinitive (to have been + V3):(Geçmişe atıf yapar)
    • 🟢 He was lucky to have been rescued from the fire. 🚒 (Yangından kurtarılmış olduğu için şanslıydı.)

🅱️ Passive Gerunds (Edilgen Fiilimsiler)

  • Simple Passive Gerund (being + V3):
    • 🟢 He hates being told what to do. 😤 (Kendisine ne yapacağının söylenmesinden nefret eder.)
  • Perfect Passive Gerund (having been + V3):
    • 🟢 She complained about having been kept waiting for hours.(Saatlerce bekletilmiş olmaktan şikayet etti.)

2. Academic & C1/C2 Advanced Passive Constructions 🏛️

1️⃣ Impersonal & Personal Reporting Structures (Aktarım Edilgenleri)

Akademik dilde iddiaları ve araştırmaları aktarırken kullanılan 2 temel C1/C2 yapısı vardır (think, believe, consider, report, claim, allege, suppose, rumor, estimate):

  • Active: Scientists believe that the virus mutated in 2024.
  • 🟢 Pattern A (Impersonal Passive):It + Passive Verb + THAT clause
      • It is believed that the virus mutated in 2024.* 🧪
  • 🟢 Pattern B (Personal Passive – Subject Raising):Subject + Passive Verb + TO INFINITIVE
      • The virus is believed to have mutated in 2024.* (Eylem geçmişte olduğu için to have V3 kullanıldı!)

💡 Reporting Infinitives Zaman Matrisi:

  • Genel / Şimdiki Zaman: He is said to live in London. (Londra’da yaşadığı söyleniyor.)
  • Şu An Devam Eden: He is said to be living in London. (Şu an Londra’da yaşıyor olduğu söyleniyor.)
  • Geçmiş Zaman: He is said to have lived in London. (Eskiden Londra’da yaşamış olduğu söyleniyor.)
  • Geçmişte Devam Eden: He is said to have been living in London. (O dönemde yaşamakta olduğu söyleniyor.)

2️⃣ Stative vs. Dynamic Passives & The “GET” Passive

  • Dynamic Passive (Eylem Bildiren):BE + V3 eylemin gerçekleşme anını anlatır.
    • 🟢 The window was broken at 10 PM. 🪟 (Biri saat 10’da pencereyi kırdı – eylem).
  • Stative Passive (Durum Bildiren):BE + V3 burada sıfatlaşmıştır, durum anlatır.
    • 🟢 When I arrived, the window was broken. 🪟 (Vardığımda pencere kırık vaziyetteydi – durum).
  • The “GET” Passive (Informal / Gayriresmî): Günlük dilde beklenmedik, kaza veya olumsuz durumları anlatırken BE yerine GET kullanılır:
    • 🟢 He got fired yesterday. 💼❌ (Dün kovuldu.)
    • 🟢 Our car got stolen last night. 🚗 (Arabamız dün gece çalındı.)

3️⃣ Verbs with Prepositions & Phrasal Verbs in Passive

Phrasal verb (takım fiil) içeren cümleler edilgen yapılırken edat asla düşürülmez ve fiile yapışık kalır:

  • Active: They turned down my proposal.
  • 🟢 Passive: My proposal was turned down.(Teklifim reddedildi.)
  • Active: We must take care of the environment.
  • 🟢 Passive: The environment must be taken care of. 🌿

4️⃣ Passive with Double Objects (Dative & Accusative Shift)

Çift nesneli fiillerde (give, award, send, grant, pay, offer, show, lend) insanı öne çıkarmak dilde daha yaygın ve doğaldır:

  • Active: The board granted the researcher (1) a scholarship (2).
  • 🟢 Personal Subject (Yaygın): The researcher was granted a scholarship. 🎓
  • 🟢 Impersonal Subject: A scholarship was granted to the researcher.

3. Advanced Nuances & Critical Exceptions (Sınavlarda Çıkan Püf Noktalar) ⚠️

❌ 1. Passive Yapılamayan Fiiller (Non-passivizable Verbs)

  • Intransitive Verbs (Geçvisiz Fiiller): Nesne almadıkları için edilgen olamazlar:
    • appear, disappear, arrive, happen, occur, die, exist, sleep, fall, arise.
    • Incorrect: An accident was occurred. ➔ ✅ An accident occurred.
  • Stative / Relation Verbs (Durum ve İyelik Bildiren Geçişli Fiiller): Nesne alsalar dahi edilgen yapılamazlar:
    • have (sahip olmak), lack, fit, suit, resemble, equal, cost, contain.
    • Incorrect: A car is had by him. ➔ ✅ He has a car.

🔄 2. Active in Form, Passive in Meaning (Biçimce Etken, Anlamca Edilgen Yapılar)

Bazı fiiller yapısı itibarıyla Active (Etken) yazılsa da anlamca Passive (Edilgen) karşılık verir:

  • 🟢 This book sells well. 📚 (Bu kitap iyi satıyor / satılıyor).
  • 🟢 The shirt washes easily. 👕 (Bu gömlek kolay yıkanıyor).
  • 🟢 The meat cooks slowly. 🥩 (Et yavaş pişiyor).
  • 🟢 This suit wears well. 👔 (Bu takım elbise iyi dayanıyor/giyiliyor).

🎯 3. Passive in Reduced Clauses (Sadeleştirmelerde Passive)

Relative clause (sıfat cümleciklerinde) ve Participle yapılarda edilgen sadeleştirmeler sadece V3 veya Being V3 / Having been V3 ile yapılır:

  • Full: The report which was written by the team was accepted.
  • 🟢 Reduced (V3): The report written by the team was accepted. 📄
  • Full: Because it had been tested thoroughly, the machine worked fine.
  • 🟢 Reduced (Having been V3): Having been tested thoroughly, the machine worked fine. ⚙️

#We must know how to identify a passive sentence. We know that the past participle form of verbs can also be used as an adjective. Verbs are words that describe an action while adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in a sentence.

example: The window was broken.

(The verb “broken (break)” is used as an adjective. There is no action here. It just gives information about the state of the window.)

The window was broken by the children.

(The verb “broken (break)” is used as a verb here. It indicates an action.)